1 INTRODUCTION2 VAN DER WAALS FORCES 2.1 Van der Waals Forces Between Molecules 2.2 The Van der Waals Force Between Macroscopic Solids 2.3 The Derjaguin Approximation 2.4 Retarded Van der Waals Forces 2.5 Measurement of Van der Waals Forces 2.6 The Casimir Force 2.7 Summary 2.8 Exercises 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 3.1 Surface Forces Apparatus 3.2 Atomic Force Microscope 3.3 Optical Tweezers 3.4 Total Internal Re¿ection Microscopy 3.5 Magnetic Tweezers 3.6 Summary 3.7 Exercises 4 ELECTROSTATIC DOUBLE-LAYER FORCES 4.1 The Electric Double Layer 4.2 Poisson?Boltzmann Theory of the Diffuse Double Layer 4.3 Beyond Poisson?Boltzmann Theory 4.4 The Gibbs Energy of the Electric Double Layer 4.5 The Electrostatic Double-Layer Force 4.6 The DLVO Theory 4.7 Electrostatic Forces in Nonpolar Media 4.8 Summary 4.9 Exercises 5 CAPILLARY FORCES 5.1 Equation of Young and Laplace 5.2 Kelvin Equation and Capillary Condensation 5.3 The Young?s Equation 5.4 Capillary Forces Calculated with the Circular Approximation 5.5 In¿uence of Roughness 5.6 Kinetics of Capillary Bridge Formation and Rupture 5.7 Capillary Forces in Immiscible liquid Mixtures and Other Systems 5.8 Lateral Forces Between Particles at a Fluid Interface 5.9 Summary 5.10 Exercises 6 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES 6.1 Fundamentals of Hydrodynamics 6.2 Hydrodynamic Force between a Solid Sphere and a Plate 6.3 Hydrodynamic Boundary Condition 6.4 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 6.5 Hydrodynamic Forces Between Fluid Boundaries 6.6 Summary 6.7 Exercises 7 INTERFACIAL FORCES BETWEEN FLUID INTERFACES AND ACROSS THIN FILMS 7.1 Overview 7.2 The Disjoining Pressure 7.3 Drainage 7.4 Thin Film Balance 7.5 Interfacial Forces Across Foam and Emulsion Films 7.6 Thin Wetting Films 7.7 Summary 7.8 Exercises 8 CONTACT MECHANICS AND ADHESION 8.1 Surface Energy of Solids 8.2 Contact Mechanics 8.3 In¿uence of Surface Roughness 8.4 Adhesion Force Measurements 8.5 Summary 8.6 Exercises 9 FRICTION 9.1 Macroscopic Friction 9.2 Lubrication 9.3 Microscopic Friction: Nanotribology 9.4 Summary 9.5 Exercises 10 SOLVATION FORCES AND NON-DLVO FORCES IN WATER 10.1 Solvation Forces 10.2 Non-DLVO Forces in an Aqueous Medium 10.3 The Interaction Between Lipid Bilayers 10.4 Force Between Surfaces with Adsorbed Molecules 10.5 Summary 10.6 Exercises 11 SURFACE FORCES IN POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND MELTS 11.1 Properties of Polymers 11.2 Polymer Solutions 11.3 Steric Repulsion 11.4 Polymer-Induced Forces in Solutions 11.5 Bridging Attraction 11.6 Depletion and Structural Forces 11.7 Interfacial Forces in Polymer Melts 11.8 Summary 11.9 Exercises 12 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES Skryť popis