Chapter 1: Introduction; Huang Chun-chieh and John Allen Tucker.- Chapter 2: The Meanings of Words and Confucian Political Philosophy: A Study of Matsunaga Sekigo\'s Ethics; John Allen Tucker.- Chapter 3: Spirits, Gods, and Heaven in Confucian Thought; W. J. Boot.- Chapter 4: Making Destiny in the Kingdom of Ryuku; Gregory Smits.- Chapter 5: The Somaticization of Learning in Edo Confucianism: The Rejection of Mind-Body Dualism in the Thought of Kaibara Ekken; Tsujimoto Masashi (translated by Barry D. Steben).- Chapter 6: Ogyu Sorai: Confucian Conservative Reformer: From Journey to Kai to Discourse on Government; Olof G. Lidin.- Chapter 7: The Philosophical Moment Between Ogyu Sorai and Kaiho Seiry : Indigenous Modernity in the Political Theories of Eighteenth-Century Japan? Olivier Ansart.- Chapter 8: Human Nature and the Way in the Philosophy of Dazai Shundai; Peter Flueckiger.- Chapter 9: Kokugaku Critiques of Confucianism and Chinese Culture; Peter Nosco.- Chapter 10: Saints as Sinners: And Sh eki\'s Back-to-Nature Critique of the Saints, Confucian and Otherwise; Jacques Joly.- Chapter 11: Moral and Philosophical Idealism in Late-Edo Confucian Thought: shio Chusai and the Working Out of his \"Great Aspiration\"; Barry D. Steben.- Chapter 12: Divination and Meiji Politics: A Reading of Takashima Kaemon\'s Judgment on the Yijing; Wai-Ming Ng.- Chapter 13: \"Orthodoxy\" and \"Legitimacy\" in the Yamazaki Ansai School; Maruyama Masao (translated by Barry D. Steben).- Chapter 14: Zhu Xi and \"Zhu Xi-ism:\" Toward a Critical Perspective on the Ansai School; Koyasu Nobukuni (translated by Barry D. Steben).